I am not providing
here any new evidences about the Sappho’s papyrus, but my main concern
is to give a short notice of an aspect, which I have talked about earlier
i.e. Eurocentrism in Papyrology.
Here the time of discovery of Sappho’s Papyrus is a crucial point. I know that a lot have been said
about the time of discovery of this piece ((to learn all the story read here:
http://www.livescience.com/49543-sappho-new-poems-discovery.html), especially with regard to the turmoil that
the 25th of January’s revolution as well as the Arabic spring,
brought to the region and the whole world. Nonetheless, I do think that all the
expressed views, up till now, are very much concentrating on Europe and the
reaction within this continent. I see it from another perspective again. It is
important in this regard to refer to the very simple fact that the revolution/Arab
spring has brought, not only “turmoil”, but also “the important question of modern
Egyptians’/Arab’s identity” into the region, and consequently to this modern-day
world, after this legitimate question has been buried for centuries by our
dictators and the world order, to which they used to attach themselves very
well. If our dictators have benefited a
lot from the eurocentric narrative of the supremacy of the European
Civilization, and consequently the supremacy of its creators, i.e. the Europeans,
over any other human in the planet, it is now unacceptable to the Egyptian/Arab
mind, to sallow this narrative any more. We are now not only fighting dictators/
counter-revolutions/criminals, who are exploiting our history/religion/countries
for their own benefits, but also the discourse/narratives they use/used to legitimize
every crime they committed/commit to us. One of these main crimes is the crime
of accepting the eurocentric/dictatoric/colonialistic view that “you do not
understand”, or more precisely using it, not only in their speeches, but also
as a main component of their governing policy.
We do(or among us
there are now specialized people who) really understand now that a single artifact/papyrus
is a piece of our identity, so that we expect from its editor(s), who ever she/he/they
is/are, to respect us and provide us with clear-cut answers about every aspect of
this piece, especially how it left our country and come to be in the possession
of “the private owner” he refers to. We could respect your interest in the
text, but you should also - in return - respect our ethical/legal/cultural and
legitimate question “did this cultural artifact leave our country legally or
illegally?”.
It is really a very hard and critical question in the same time, not only because these information is hard to get, but also because in this moment the editor/s is/are confronted with the question “should I publish this piece, whose provenance/provenience unknown/uncertain or simply to ignore it as well as the text/significance it bears?”. I know that this question, in case the artifact offered to you contains an unknown text or a new discovery, appears to be hard to be answered by some scholars, but for others, who knows how we suffer, not only economically but also culturally, from looting and illegal excavations, a simple “no, I will not be involved in such trade/uncertainties.” ends the dilemma. The case of Sappho papyrus is still not closed and many questions about its acquisition are still open. Yes we may be much clearer now about many details concerning its provenance, thanks off course to the editor who provided us with more details about is provenance, than what was provided in its first edition in the ZPE (to know what we have learned so far about the acquisition history of this particular piece see Roberta Mazza summary and comments here: http://tinyurl.com/hlsgd3b), but my main concern here, as stated above, is the general question of the time of its discovery (2011) and its connection what is going now in Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab World and consequently in the whole world.
It is really a very hard and critical question in the same time, not only because these information is hard to get, but also because in this moment the editor/s is/are confronted with the question “should I publish this piece, whose provenance/provenience unknown/uncertain or simply to ignore it as well as the text/significance it bears?”. I know that this question, in case the artifact offered to you contains an unknown text or a new discovery, appears to be hard to be answered by some scholars, but for others, who knows how we suffer, not only economically but also culturally, from looting and illegal excavations, a simple “no, I will not be involved in such trade/uncertainties.” ends the dilemma. The case of Sappho papyrus is still not closed and many questions about its acquisition are still open. Yes we may be much clearer now about many details concerning its provenance, thanks off course to the editor who provided us with more details about is provenance, than what was provided in its first edition in the ZPE (to know what we have learned so far about the acquisition history of this particular piece see Roberta Mazza summary and comments here: http://tinyurl.com/hlsgd3b), but my main concern here, as stated above, is the general question of the time of its discovery (2011) and its connection what is going now in Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab World and consequently in the whole world.
Consequently, in order to understand why a simple question
like this causes - to some scholars - this perplexity, a decent reflection/discussion
about prevailing traditions of publishing artifacts, as well as their cultural
and historical origins in the field, is more than welcome. I think it is the
duty of the people who are mostly affected by this kind of practises i.e.
Egyptians/Arabs, to open up such a discussion and insist on their legal as well
as cultural rights in this regard.
It is a well-known
fact that every discipline has its own set of traditions/ethics in dealing with
the main material that is the focus of its research. E.g. in the case of
medicine, we do have the medical ethics and very strict regulations/laws in dealing
with the human body. I wonder what, in the case of Archaeology in general and papyrology
in particular, the ethics in dealing with artifacts/papyri/texts are. Important
also to ask “what is the ethics/traditions that tie the editor/s and
publisher/s with the people whose artifacts he/she/they are publishing?”. As a papyrologist, I surely know about the
resolutions/recommendations of the American Society of Papyrologists
(ASP:http://tebtunis.berkeley.edu/ASPresolution.pdf) and of the International
Society of Papyrologists (AIP:http://www.ulb.ac.be/assoc/aip/workingparty.pdf). As an Egyptian papyrologist, I take
these resolutions/recommendations as a good step to address these questions and
a start point that needs to be both re-visited and further developed, but I am however
unsatisfied with their formulations, as well as, the results they have brought into
the field since their ratification/adaptation by the respective societies. I
have expressed myself earlier with regards the formulations of these
resolutions, with a minimal representations of Egyptian specialists, and the insistence
on them that the problem of papyrology in Egypt, is an Egyptian problem, that
has to be dealt with in Egypt, because Egypt represents “a special case” of the lack of national collection
management policies. I will continue to investigate, research and to take about
this, but for the moment, I will concentrate on the present notice about “how I
see the case of Sappho Papyrus in this whole picture?”. The case of this
piece is very important in this regard, simply because it was discovered, after
the ratifications/adaptation of such resolutions/recommendations and most
importantly in a crucial time in our modern history i.e. the 25th of
January revolution in Egypt and the Arab spring in the Middle East.
It just shocks my
mind when I just try to imagine that a scholar, after these incidents, would be
interested in a text - whatever this text is - more than he would be interested
in the human beings, who scarified themselves to protect these artifacts/pieces
during the revolution. I have participated and I am still involved in both incidents;
i.e. the revolution and the discussion going on about the discovery of this piece,
its edition and publication. When not so many people are interested in Sappho,
who in this planet did not see the Egyptian human chain, which surrounded the Egyptian
Museum in Cairo? They did so because they know that these artifacts belongs culturally
and legally to them. They did so because they know that these artifact are “part
of their history”, which in its return “part of our human history”. The only
explanation I could now provide to the question; how could a scholar do
something like this?” is that this scholar “does not consider that this Sappho
papyrus belongs to these people, neither he sees it as “part of their history”.
Most probably he sees it as “part of the
European history”, as has been expressed by ancient scholars praising the contribution
of papyrology to ancient history. By ancient history, they meant “ancient European
history”, whither they were taking about documentary texts like tax receipts or
literary pieces like Sappho or any other texts that are published with exclusively
“modern European languages” .
This explanation is
confirmed, at least of my own point of view, from most of the obsolete publications
I have ever read in this field. This scholar who lives in the present time,
still adopt the same old narrative/discourse of “the ignorant Egyptians”. When
I read such words in the obsolete publication, I can hardly sallow it. Yes, I
can understand what Ulrich Wilcken in his introduction of the monumental
publication of the Ptolemaic texts „Urkunden der Ptolemäerzeit“ UPZ I, Papyri
aus Unterägypten. Berlin—Leipzig 1927, about the ignorance of the natives
and their unawareness of what these texts are (see this image below). What
I cannot understand and/or accept, however, is the fact that this eurocentric/colonialistic
narrative/discourse of “the modern Egyptians who are ignorant of what are these
texts are” still prevails to the very date of writing this notice.
What adds more
insult to injury is that when some of these Egyptians decided to devote their
time, money and efforts for such a very specialized discipline like papyrology,
they are fiercely and illegitimately, as I see it, attacked and all of their endeavors/achievements
- collectively as well as individually - ruled out as unsuitable. I am sorry to
say these bitter words, but I have not only heard it, read it, or just
experienced it, from a few handful people in the field, so that I should be
ignoring it, and continue in a fruitful work. No, this discourse prevails to
the level that there will be no “fruitful work” between the Egyptians and any
European partner, unless this discourse, as well as its historical/legal/cultural/moral
basis deconstructed entirely from the world of scholarship. Such a wall existed
between the European scholars, but it has been, to a large degree,
deconstructed through the good offices of many sharp-minded scholars in the
different fields, who wanted to separate politics from science. I remember in
this regard “amicitia papyrolgogorum”. This expression, according to the
website of the International Society of Payrologists (AIP), “… appears to
derive from a lecture given by Leopold Wenger (1874-1953) at the closing
session of the IIIrd International Congress of Papyrology in Munich on the
evening of 7 September 1933”. A time when
Europe was recovering from the First World War, just to start the Second. I do
not know how many Egyptians were part of this deal, but what I know for sure is
that, with few exceptions in the field, I have been, and still to the moment of
writing this notice, fiercely and illegitimately attacked, ruled out as “unsuitable”
and thrown with the same cliché, which I read in the obsolete publication “you
do not understand”.
The very simple
fact that whatever I will bring in this field will be ruled out, by some, as
unsuitable or to be ignored, makes my efforts to bring/say anything as useless
as nothing or at the best “ranting”, as long as, this “Pride and Prejudice”
prevails. I know that I am not ranting; I know what I am saying; as an
Egyptian, wherever you are, whoever you are and whenever you are, you will be
confronted with the same cliché; “you do not understand”.
The Egyptians now
are not the very same people, whom Wilcken described. They can read, write, and
bring their voices to every corner of the universe, not only in Arabic, but
also in English, German and with whatever language/tools they are master or
capable of. Yes, the main concern, of both
the editor(s) and the publisher(s), was to publish the text(s) itself/themselves
and let it/them appears to the world, who is interested in this kind of texts and who understand them. Neither modern Egypt nor modern Egyptians were, of
course, included in this view of the world, otherwise they would have respected
them and provided them with clear-cut answers about provenance, owner and the
time of discovery of each and every single piece. The impression I got from my readings
of obsolete publications, which in many cases are still valid in the field, is
that; these papyri/texts were “saved from the hands of the ignorants, brought
to the hands of the experts, and published to the mind of those who understand
!”. I am aware that most of the colleagues
are not using the same discourse, and eventually also the same obsolete
readings !, in their introductions and/or publication of the texts, but I am
aware also that this view is to an overwhelming degree mainstream.
Finally, I simply
say and see that the ethics/traditions of the past 100 years or more of papyrology
provide explanations, about the provenance, provenience, and time of discovery,
readings, and interest of the texts that belong to the past more than they
belong to the present or the future. They also provide views about modern
Egyptians, whither papyrologists or lay, that in the most cases to be
considered, at least in their origins prejudiced, colonialistic and eurocentric
discourse/narrative which need corrections/new reading in the manner we do with
do with the texts themselves (cf. the BL, SB, and the new readings provided
directly using the PE) . The persistence of such narratives/discourse will
eventually drive the main source country i.e. Egypt, represented by its senior
and junior papyrologists, away further and further from its European neighbors,
bringing no advancement in the field, as long as these unsatisfactory
explanations and bitter views are handed over from generations to the other,
and we tolerate no critic/revision/corrections/discussion about their persistence
in the field.
to be continued....
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